Clause Reduction Types
English Grammar

🔑 Types of Clause Reduction

āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļ„āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­ัāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐ 6 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—

Clause reduction helps make English sentences shorter, more natural, and easier to read.

āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ›āļŠ่āļ§āļĒāđƒāļŦ้āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļ„āļ āļēāļĐāļēāļ­ัāļ‡āļāļĪāļĐāļŠั้āļ™ āļāļĢāļ°āļŠัāļš āđāļĨāļ°āļ”ูāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•ิāļĄāļēāļāļ‚ึ้āļ™

1

Active Reduced Relative Clauses

Use the present participle (-ing) to reduce active relative clauses.

āđƒāļŠ้ present participle (-ing) āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ› relative clause āļ—ี่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ active (āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ—āļģāđ€āļ­āļ‡)

FullThe man who is talking is my teacher.
ReducedThe man talking is my teacher.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āļœู้āļŠāļēāļĒāļ—ี่āļāļģāļĨัāļ‡āļžูāļ”āļ­āļĒู่āļ„ืāļ­āļ„āļĢูāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‰ัāļ™

2

Passive Reduced Relative Clauses

Use the past participle to reduce passive relative clauses.

āđƒāļŠ้ past participle (V.3) āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ› relative clause āļ—ี่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ passive (āļ›āļĢāļ°āļ˜āļēāļ™āļ–ูāļāļāļĢāļ°āļ—āļģ)

FullThe car that was damaged in the accident was expensive.
ReducedThe car damaged in the accident was expensive.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āļĢāļ–āļ—ี่āđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠีāļĒāļŦāļēāļĒāļˆāļēāļāļ­ุāļšัāļ•ิāđ€āļŦāļ•ุāļĄีāļĢāļēāļ„āļēāđāļžāļ‡

3

Reduction with Prepositional Phrases

Use with + noun to replace clauses showing possession or additional details.

āđƒāļŠ้ with + noun āđāļ—āļ™ clause āļ—ี่āđāļŠāļ”āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›็āļ™āđ€āļˆ้āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļĢืāļ­āļšāļ­āļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­ีāļĒāļ”āđ€āļŠāļĢิāļĄ

FullThe student who has a laptop is absent today.
ReducedThe student with a laptop is absent today.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āļ™ัāļāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļ„āļ™āļ—ี่āļĄีāđāļĨ็āļ›āļ—็āļ­āļ›āđ„āļĄ่āļĄāļēāđ€āļĢีāļĒāļ™āļ§ัāļ™āļ™ี้

4

Reduced Wh-Clauses / Wh-Infinitive Clauses

Use infinitives to reduce noun clauses beginning with wh-words.

āđƒāļŠ้ infinitive (to + V.1) āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ› noun clauses āļ—ี่āļ‚ึ้āļ™āļ•้āļ™āļ”้āļ§āļĒ wh-word

FullI don't know what I should say.
ReducedI don't know what to say.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āļ‰ัāļ™āđ„āļĄ่āļĢู้āļ§่āļēāļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļ°āļžูāļ”āļ­āļ°āđ„āļĢāļ”ี

5

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time

Use the -ing form to reduce adverb clauses of time.

āđƒāļŠ้āļĢูāļ› -ing āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ› adverb clauses āļ—ี่āļšāļ­āļāđ€āļ§āļĨāļē

FullWhile I was walking home, I saw a bird.
ReducedWhile walking home, I saw a bird.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āđƒāļ™āļ‚āļ“āļ°āļ—ี่āļ‰ัāļ™āļāļģāļĨัāļ‡āđ€āļ”ิāļ™āļāļĨัāļšāļš้āļēāļ™ āļ‰ัāļ™āđ€āļŦ็āļ™āļ™āļāļ•ัāļ§āļŦāļ™ึ่āļ‡

6

Reduced Adverb Clauses of Condition

Use the past participle to reduce passive conditional clauses.

āđƒāļŠ้ past participle āđ€āļžื่āļ­āļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ› conditional clauses (āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļ„āđ€āļ‡ื่āļ­āļ™āđ„āļ‚) āļ—ี่āđ€āļ›็āļ™ passive

FullIf you are invited, you should come to the party.
ReducedIf invited, you should come to the party.

āļ„āļģāđāļ›āļĨ: āļ–้āļēāļ„ุāļ“āđ„āļ”้āļĢัāļšāđ€āļŠิāļ āļ„ุāļ“āļ็āļ„āļ§āļĢāļˆāļ°āļĄāļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ›āļēāļĢ์āļ•ี้

📌 Summary

  • Clause reduction makes sentences shorter and more natural.
    āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ›āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦ้āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļ„āļŠั้āļ™āļĨāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŸัāļ‡āļ”ูāđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ˜āļĢāļĢāļĄāļŠāļēāļ•ิāļĄāļēāļāļ‚ึ้āļ™
  • There are six common types of clause reduction.
    āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ›āļ—ี่āļžāļšāļš่āļ­āļĒāļĄีāļ—ั้āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” 6 āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—
  • Each type follows different grammatical patterns.
    āđāļ•่āļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ āļ—āļĄีāđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļŠāļĢ้āļēāļ‡āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ„āļ§āļĒāļēāļāļĢāļ“์āļ—ี่āđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āļ•ัāļ§
ðŸ’Ą Tip:
Reduced clauses are common in academic writing, TOEIC tests, and formal English.

āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ”āļĢูāļ›āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļ„āļžāļšāđ„āļ”้āļš่āļ­āļĒāļĄāļēāļāđƒāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚ีāļĒāļ™āđ€āļŠิāļ‡āļ§ิāļŠāļēāļāļēāļĢ āļ‚้āļ­āļŠāļ­āļš TOEIC āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļŠื่āļ­āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—ี่āđ€āļ›็āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ

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